To coordinate with relavant government departments according to the overall diplomatic planning, and report and give suggestions to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on major issues including foreign trade, economic cooperation and assistance, culture, military aid, arms trade, Chinese nationals abroad, education, science and technology, and public diplomacy.
To draft laws, regulations and policy plans concerning diplomatic work. To handle global and regional security, political, economic, human rights, social, refugee and other diplomatic affairs in the United Nations and other multilateral fora. To deal with matters in international arms control, disarmment and non-proliferation; research international security issues; and organize negotiations on treaties and agreements related to arms control. To conclude bilateral and multilateral treaties, handle international judicial cooperation, oversee or participate in dealing with major foreign-related legal cases that involve the state or the government, assist in examining foreign-related draft laws and regulations, and organize and coordinate the work of fulfilling international conventions and agreements.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U. The Homeland Security Act of established the Department in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, and brought together 22 executive branch agencies. The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and the Secretary of Homeland Security coordinate policy, including through the Homeland Security Council at the White House and in cooperation with other defense and intelligence agencies.
The Department plays a major role in supporting homeownership for low- and moderate-income families through its mortgage insurance and rent subsidy programs. Offices within HUD include the Federal Housing Administration, which provides mortgage and loan insurance; the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, which ensures all Americans equal access to the housing of their choice; and the Community Development Block Grant Program, which helps communities with economic development, job opportunities, and housing rehabilitation.
HUD also administers public housing and homeless assistance. DOI manages approximately million acres of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States, and manages hundreds of dams and reservoirs. Geological Survey. The DOI manages the national parks and is tasked with protecting endangered species. Every year it raises billions in revenue from energy, mineral, grazing, and timber leases, as well as recreational permits and land sales.
The mission of the Department of Justice DOJ is to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. Marshals, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Attorney General is the head of the DOJ and chief law enforcement officer of the federal government.
The Attorney General represents the United States in legal matters, advises the President and the heads of the executive departments of the government, and occasionally appears in person before the Supreme Court. The Department of Labor oversees federal programs for ensuring a strong American workforce.
These programs address job training, safe working conditions, minimum hourly wage and overtime pay, employment discrimination, and unemployment insurance. Major responsibilities include United States representation abroad, foreign assistance, foreign military training programs, countering international crime, and a wide assortment of services to U. Foreign Service employees — as well as with international organizations. At home, more than 5, civil employees carry out the mission of the Department.
The mission of the Department of Transportation DOT is to ensure a fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people.
The Department of the Treasury is responsible for promoting inclusive economic prosperity for all Americans. The Department advances U. The Treasury Department also performs a critical role in enhancing national security by safeguarding our financial systems, implementing economic sanctions against foreign threats to the U.
From 40 press corpsmen in , the number in South Vietnam had grown to by January By August that number had jumped to Of the at the beginning of the year, only were Americans. The media caught many combat events, usually on live television, which prompted many American citizens to be concerned about foreign policy.
The U. He had theoretical responsibility under the ambassador for the development of all information policy. He maintained liaison between the embassy, MACV, and the press; publicized information to refute erroneous and misleading news stories; and sought to assist the Saigon correspondents in covering the side of the war most favorable to the policies of the U. Zorthian possessed both experience with the media and a great deal of patience and tact while maintaining reasonably good relations with the press corps.
The Saigon bureau chiefs were also often invited to closed sessions at which presentations would be made by a briefing officer, the CIA station chief, or an official from the embassy who would present background or off-the-record information on upcoming military operations or Vietnamese political events. What began to change in was the conviction that the forces of good would inevitably prevail. This change would have far-reaching detrimental effects.
A self-described liberal media watchdog group, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting FAIR , in consultation with the Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University, sponsored an academic study in which journalists were asked a range of questions about how they did their work and about how they viewed the quality of media coverage in the broad area of politics and economic policy.
Finally, they were asked for demographic and identifying information, including their political orientation. Their study concluded that a majority of journalists, although relatively liberal on social policies, were significantly to the right of the public on economic, labor, health care, and foreign policy issues.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Foreign Policy. Search for:. Who Makes U. Foreign Policy? Key Takeaways Key Points Throughout the course of their time in office, most presidents gravitate towards foreign policy.
It is often argued that the president has more autonomy in foreign policy as compared to domestic policy. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but only Congress has authority to declare war and provide funding.
The president has the power to make treaties, with a two-thirds vote of the Senate, and has the power to make international agreements. The president is the chief diplomat as head of state. The president can also influence foreign policy by appointing US diplomats and foreign aid workers. Key Terms treaty : A binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations.
The Cabinet The secretary of state and secretary of defense play key roles in assisting the president with foreign policy. Key Takeaways Key Points The secretary of state assists the president in foreign affairs and advises him on representatives and international relations. The secretary of defense, among other things, advises the president on military affairs and hot spots throughout the world.
The Bureaucracy Prominent bureaucratic organizations shaping U. The Department of Defense is the executive department of the U. This has been evoked five times in American history. Sometimes, this clause directly conflicts with what the president wants to do. With the fall of the Iron Curtain, Europeans all over the continent looked forward to new era of peace and prosperity.
That hope was quickly dashed when a bloody civil war erupted in the Balkans in NATO inaction allowed Serbian paramilitary forces to conduct ethnic-cleansing campaigns against Croats and Muslims, the worst single incident occurring in Srebrenica in July The failure on the part of NATO to stop the slaughter was still fresh in the minds of American and Western European leaders when, in , the predominantly Albanian province of Kosovo tried to secede from Serbia.
Thousands still perished in the fighting. This shifting of priorities was cemented on September 11, , when hijackers crashed American commercial jetliners into the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon.
From that point on, the No. In , President George W. What it Does: The US Department of State functions as the diplomatic wing of the federal government, handling matters of foreign affairs with other nations and international bodies. Employing diplomats and career Foreign Service personnel, the State Department interfaces with representatives of foreign governments, corporations, non-governmental organizations and private individuals.
Dozens of large offices and programs handle the vast responsibilities of the State Department, including geographically-based and subject-oriented bureaus that function as the frontline of the US diplomatic corps.
The bureau promotes US political and economic interests in the region on issues ranging from NATO enlargement to energy supplies to the war on terrorism. BWH staff implement US foreign policy by negotiating with representatives of foreign governments, meeting with foreign economic and political leaders in and out of government, coordinating various types of US foreign aid, and preparing groundwork for visits between higher US officials and foreign representatives.
The bureau seeks solutions in three key areas: the consolidation of democratic gains among African nations, expanding economic growth and stemming the spread of HIV and AIDS. Despite pledges by the administration of George W. Bush to help stem the spread of the disease, funding requests for AIDS programs in Africa went down in consecutive years.
Also, an attempt to reinvent foreign aid through the Millennium Challenge Corporation has not succeeded as planned by the administration. Security, counter-terrorism and free trade are some of the major policy issues that EAP addresses with public and private officials from this part of the world.
The head of the bureau has been both praised and criticized for his work on the Korean nuclear accord and other aspects of his diplomatic work. Regional policy issues that NEA handles include the war in Iraq, Middle East peace, terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and political and economic reform.
Two of the most critical policy areas that the bureau oversees are Afghanistan, which is still trying to recover from the rule of the Taliban in the s and the US-led coalition that invaded the country in , and Indian-Pakistan relations—a longstanding source of tension and conflict between two nuclear powers. The leadership of the bureau has come under criticism during the George W. Bush administration for its lack of knowledge about Pakistani politics and its deference to the office of Vice President Dick Cheney, who reportedly calls the shots on US foreign policy towards Pakistan.
Some experts have argued that the commission is long overdue for change, and recently the US side of the IBWC was engulfed in controversy stemming from the leadership of its top official, an appointee of President George W. The East-West Center coordinates research, educational classes and cultural interactions. The AIT is a private, nonprofit corporation that received federal money and serves as a de facto embassy.
The foundation is privately run, and its offices throughout the region are known to have a relatively high level of autonomy. SIGIR continually assesses all projects and programs in Iraq in order to ensure that all money is accounted for and is used effectively and efficiently by officials of the US and Iraqi governments as well as American contractors.
However, SIGIR has noticeably failed to control corruption and cronyism in the awarding of contracts and the use of funds once they arrive in Iraq. Through three strategic program areas prevention, care and treatment , the initiative was intended to prevent 7 million new infections, treat 2 million people living with AID-related illnesses, and provide care and support for 10 million persons affected by AIDS. Generally, the US is accused of flagrantly ignoring scientific and statistical evidence and instead imposing an ideological agenda on countries, organizations and individuals in need.
The US has also been criticized for pushing expensive brand-name pharmaceuticals in the programs instead of affordable generics, thereby greatly decreasing the number of individuals who receive treatment. The bureau conducts much of its work using domestic contractors who handle the building of new embassies. Since the bombings of American embassies in east Africa, the federal government has conducted the largest construction effort in US diplomatic history to upgrade diplomatic posts and secure them against terrorist attacks.
Problems have arisen, however, in the course of several high-profile embassy projects, including the sprawling new complex in Baghdad, Iraq. DS employs almost special agents in more than countries, along with hundreds of private security guards through contracts with companies such as Blackwater USA. The use of private contractors created a huge controversy for DS in the fall of when Blackwater guards killed numerous civilians in Baghdad, Iraq, as a result of an attack on a convoy carrying American diplomats.
Office of the Chief of Protocol : The Office of the Chief of Protocol primarily advises and assists the president, vice president and secretary of state on matters of diplomatic protocol, or etiquette. The office arranges detailed itineraries for foreign dignitaries visiting the United States and accompanies the president on official travels abroad. Office of Foreign Missions : OFM claims three basic missions: 1 to provide services for foreign diplomats living in the United States, 2 to monitor the activities of these foreign diplomats so that they do not abuse their immunity status, and 3 to treat foreign diplomats in such a way that their countries will treat US diplomats stationed overseas in the same manner.
OFM is authorized to impose restrictions of services on a foreign government and its diplomats if that government imposes them on the US. OFM is also authorized to enter into negotiations with that country to remove those restrictions once secure, fair treatment is given American officials in the other country.
Bureau of Consular Affairs : The Bureau of Consular Affairs CA is in charge of issuing passports for American citizens intending to reside, conduct business, study or travel abroad.
In addition, the bureau provides services to citizens of other countries seeking visas to visit or reside legally in the United States and conducts research to determine who qualifies for a visa and which applicants may be attempting to get into the country to engage in harmful activities. The bureau also serves as a liaison between the State Department and overseas embassies and consulates on visa matters.
In March , the Bureau of Consular Affairs was the focus of media scrutiny when it was revealed that the passport files of presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, John McCain, and Barack Obama had been breached. Despite its name, INL is not a true law enforcement agency, operating instead as a source of funding to assist law enforcement personnel, either in the US or other countries.
No longer is it strictly an anti-narcotics office, working on other serious cross-border crimes, such human trafficking. However, anti-drug operations are still the dominant mission of the bureau. These operations, as well as its efforts to help stabilize Iraq, have resulted in the INL becoming a focal point of controversy in recent years.
The program seeks to eradicate coca and induce local farmers to plant alternative crops. But for all the money that has been spent towards stemming the flow of illegal drugs into the United States from South America, little progress has been made in reaching this goal.
Rewards for Justice : The Rewards for Justice program RFJ authorizes the Secretary of State to offer money for credible information that can be used to capture or kill international terrorists. The program may also provide protection and relocation services for the informant and his or her family. Despite captures and killings reportedly undertaken as a result of intelligence tips, Rewards for Justice has detractors. Some say the program promotes reckless bounty hunting.
A few have also voiced concerns about the credibility of received tips, while others wonder if any amount of money can overcome deep-seated ethnic loyalties in places like Afghanistan. Still others question the recent US preference for killing militant-Islamic suspects using precision-guided bombs, pointing out that bombings might hurt counter-insurgency efforts, which are based on gaining trust and cooperation, in Muslim countries.
Indeed, critics frequently assail ads and other promotional materials for lacking cultural sensitivity.
On the other hand, coaxing people with money to turn in their peers has been a tactic used since antiquity. Many see this particular program as a way of fighting terrorism with capitalism and an enthusiastic fundraising effort developed around it for a time. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs : The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs was established to bring together students and professionals from the United States and across the world in hopes of building stronger relationships between countries.
The bureau funds and sponsors many programs for international education exchanges to promote their objective of cultural learning and mutual understanding. National Endowment for Democracy : NED provides grants to media outlets, human-rights groups and other organizations for the stated purpose of fostering democracy in foreign countries.
Responsible for producing and distributing information about the United States to an international audience, the bureau attempts to foster understanding and good will towards the US with an eye towards creating an environment receptive to US security and economic interests. The bureau was created in out of the remnants of the US Information Agency when it was merged with the State Department, and it has attempted to brand itself as a more high-tech and modern office.
In addition to news reports and publications about the United States, the bureau recently unveiled a new website , designed to reach a younger audience with multimedia presentations, videos and podcasts.
It is the only component of the US government that provides grant support to heritage preservation in developing countries. Projects are chosen from those proposed by US Ambassadors in countries that the State Department deems eligible. AFCP grants are awarded in areas ranging from providing technical support for the restoration of buildings that are hundreds of years old to aiding in documentation to saving threatened traditional crafts.
Controversy surrounds some of the actions of Maria P. These exhibitions are collections of art loaned from galleries, museums, individual artists, and corporate and private collections. Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration : PRM is responsible for helping refugees around the world either through assistance to international and non-governmental organizations or by admitting refugees to the United States. PRM administers and monitors American contributions to international and non-governmental organizations to assist and protect refugees abroad.
It oversees admissions of refugees to the US for permanent resettlement in coordination with the US Citizenship and Immigration Services.
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